Zero Dark Thirty: The Human Rights Responsibilities of Entertainment Companies

Authors

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  Dunstan Allison-Hope

  Senior Advisor, BSR

  

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  Dunstan Allison-Hope

  Senior Advisor, BSR

  

  San Francisco

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  Dunstan leads BSR’s work at the intersection of technology and human rights.

  Previously, Dunstan led BSR’s information and communications technology, heavy manufacturing, and human rights teams.

  He brings significant experience working on a diverse range of engagements and issues, including human rights due diligence, privacy and freedom of expression, sustainability reporting and strategy, and stakeholder engagement.

  Dunstan facilitated the multistakeholder process of developing global principles on freedom of expression and privacy, which led to the launch of the Global Network Initiative in October 2008. He also helped create the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition, a collaborative initiative of more than 100 ICT companies improving conditions in their supply chains. Dunstan participated in the process of creating the Global Reporting Initiative G3 guidelines, and he is a regular commentator on issues of corporate accountability, reporting, and human rights. He also co-authored the 2010 book Big Business, Big Responsibilities.

  Prior to joining BSR in 2004, Dunstan was part of British Telecommunications' corporate responsibility team.

  Dunstan has an M.Prof. in Sustainable Development from Forum for the Future.

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  Recent Insights From Dunstan Allison-Hope

  • Effective Engagement with Technology Companies / May 23, 2024 / Reports
  • 25 Insights, 25 Years / April 17, 2024 / Blog
  • Human Rights and the Future of Compliance with Dunstan Allison-Hope / November 28, 2023 / Audio
  • A Human Rights Impact Assessment of the Tech Coalition’s Lantern Program / November 7, 2023 / Blog
  • Tech Coalition Human Rights Impact Assessment of the Lantern Program / November 7, 2023 / Reports

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• Faris Natour

  Former Managing Director, Advisory Services, BSR

Faris Natour, Director, Human Rights and Dunstan Allison Hope, Managing Director, Advisory Services, BSR

The debate about how human rights abuses are portrayed in movies, television, and video games is almost as old as the entertainment industry itself. It reached a new peak this year with the controversy about Zero Dark Thirty, a feature film about the search for Osama bin Laden. The acclaimed film, which was nominated for five Academy Awards at this year's Oscars, contains a scene that critics argue promotes torture by showing, erroneously, that it is an effective tool to gain vital intelligence. The filmmakers acknowledge the moral complexity of the issue while defending their right to creative freedom.

For the entertainment and gaming industries, this debate, as well as earlier allegations about scenes in popular U.S. TV shows 24 and Lost and video games such as Splinter Cell, raise the question of what responsibilities entertainment companies have in this context.

Freedom from torture is recognized as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many other international legal conventions. Human rights advocates claim that the depiction of torture in popular TV shows has had the effect of promoting the practice in real life, implying that the production companies may have failed to meet their responsibility to respect human rights as articulated in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.

These allegations are serious and also raise some complex ethical questions, for which notions of right and wrong, and responsible and irresponsible, are difficult to define and subject to considerable debate:

• Are films that portray torture serving to promote torture, or are they actually exposing torture?
• To what degree is it relevant how a human rights abuse is portrayed?
• Is it right or wrong to interfere with the creative freedom of directors, writers, and video game developers? Do they have a right to freedom of expression that overrides concerns about how human rights violations are portrayed?
• Is there an ethical difference between the portrayal of torture in content claiming to be based on true events (such as Zero Dark Thirty) and in content that is obviously fictional (such as 24)?
• What are the responsibilities of intermediary companies providing space for user-generated content depicting human rights violations?
• Does the scope of responsibility change if the content is produced by a public institution rather than a private company?
• What is the responsibility of media and entertainment companies to address these topics?

While these are difficult questions to answer, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights state that companies should “know and show” that they do not infringe on human rights—that they have undertaken a deliberate process to consider human rights impacts and risks and have reached reasoned and considered conclusions on the best course of action to address them. The renewed controversy about how human rights are portrayed on the big screen, on television, and in video games illustrates the need for entertainment companies to begin this process of “knowing and showing,” and, in doing so, explore these difficult ethical questions.

BSR would like to explore these questions through a collaborative initiative. If you are interested in learning more, contact Faris Natour at fnatour@bsr.org or Dunstan Allison Hope at dhope@bsr.org.