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Richard Wingfield

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Richard works with tech companies—particularly those based in or with operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa—to build human rights considerations and practices into their products, services, and policies. He brings a strong understanding of international human rights law and standards and how to translate the corporate responsibility to respect human rights into practice for companies of different sizes and sectors. ​

​Prior to joining BSR, Richard led the legal and policy team at Global Partners Digital, an international human rights organization focused on the impacts of digital technologies on human rights. He is also a trustee of the Kaleidoscope Trust, a UK-based charity that campaigns for the human rights of LGBTIQ+ people in countries where they are discriminated.

Richard holds a LLB in Law and European Law from the University of Nottingham and is a qualified lawyer in England and Wales.

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Karanveer Singh

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Karanveer works with BSR member companies across industries on climate change and human rights, with a focus on energy and extractives and financial services.

Prior to joining BSR, Karanveer worked as a senior assessment officer at Impact Initiatives in South Sudan and worked with the humanitarian situation monitoring unit to conduct research on the country’s complex emergency framework. He supervised the Greater Equatoria region team by supporting data collection and report dissemination for field teams in a remote setting. He has also worked as a research assistant on strategic affairs projects for international non-governmental organizations and think-tanks working in the realms of international security, global risk, and intelligence.

Karanveer holds a BA in Political Science from Delhi University and a MA in International Security from Sciences Po.

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Ife Ogunleye

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Ife works with BSR member companies on human rights and technology issues.

She brings several years of experience on a variety of anti-corruption, privacy, tech, and artificial intelligence (AI) policy issues. Prior to joining BSR, Ife worked with companies and government agencies to identify possible impacts or harms that may arise from the development or deployment of AI products as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, and she supported the development of AI regulatory and strategic frameworks in various jurisdictions. She has also worked as an attorney, providing legal advice to multinational companies in the extractive, energy, telecommunications, and financial technology industries on mergers, acquisitions, and financings as well as conducting anti-corruption, money laundering, and fraud investigations. Ife began her career as a policy analyst working on privacy and consumer protection issues in the UK and Europe.

Ife holds a Master of Development Practice from the University of California, Berkeley and a law degree from the University of Manchester, England.

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Diane M. LuTran

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Diane leads BSR's Financial Services sustainable and impact investing work, collaborating closely with BSR's Transformation team.

She advises private equity firms, financial institutions, and corporate clients on integrating sustainable finance and impact investment into business and fund-level strategy, design, investment due diligence, portfolio management, and product development.

Before joining BSR, Diane was a senior manager at Ramboll, where she advised clients on strategy, responsible investing, and sustainability. Prior to Ramboll, she worked at the World Bank Group and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), focusing on impact strategy and investments, financial inclusion, governance, and transparency to support the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and drive economic growth in emerging markets.

Diane holds a joint Global MBA from Columbia Business School, London Business School, and Hong Kong University. She also earned a Master's in Management and Business Economics from Harvard University and a Bachelor's in Economics and Political Economy from UC Berkeley. Additionally, she holds a CFA ESG Investing Certification.

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Julie Kling

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As part of BSR’s finance team, Julie is responsible for overseeing all day-to-day accounting activities, including payroll, accounts receivable, accounts payable, the general ledger, project-based accounting, grant and fund accounting, purchasing, and fixed assets.

Prior to joining BSR, Julie worked as a Controller at a nonprofit that provided recreational and camping activities for disabled people and therapy to children with developmental delays. There, she rebuilt the finance department during the pandemic and implemented software solutions and processes to strengthen internal controls and improve efficiencies. Prior to that, Julie spent eight years as a financial statement auditor in public accounting and then seven years at an outsourced accounting service company working with a wide variety of nonprofit organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Julie has a BS in Business Administration with a concentration in Public Accounting and a minor in Psychology from California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo. Julie is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA).

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Jarrid Green

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Jarrid is the lead of BSR’s Equity, Inclusion and Justice (EIJ) team.

As EIJ Director, Jarrid leads the development and management of BSR’s overall EIJ practice and serves as the Co-Director of the Center for Business and Social Justice. This includes the co-development of research, thought leadership, frameworks, and capacity-building opportunities related to corporate social impact strategies. Jarrid also provides collaborative oversight and direction for the center’s organizational and administrative functions, facilitates the execution of the Center’s ongoing corporate, civil society stakeholder, and donor activities including BSR member and external client consulting engagements.

Prior to joining BSR, Jarrid worked at Freedman Consulting, where he developed and managed strategic philanthropic initiatives, including donor coalitions and nonprofit initiatives focused on racial and civic justice issues, climate/sustainability impacts, and public health. Jarrid has also served in senior research and project management capacities at The Democracy Collaborative and The Center for Social Inclusion, where he led, supported, and published policy research and case studies focused on opportunities to dismantle structural racial inequities within community and economic development fields and practices.

Jarrid received his MBA in Sustainability from Bard College where he served as an inaugural member of the program’s Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI) Advisory Board and provided advisory support and instruction to first- and second-year MBA students in his role as a part-time faculty member for the college’s experiential-learning, sustainability consulting course, NYCLab.

Jarrid holds a BA in English Language and Literature from the University of Maryland. He is also an alum of the Council of Urban Professional Fellowship Institute.

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Scarlet George

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Scarlet is a part of BSR’s Sustainability Management team and focuses on the technology sector. She primarily works with technology companies to provide BSR’s consulting service offerings related to materiality, strategy, corporate governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainability reporting with some focus on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.

Prior to joining BSR, Scarlet worked for Oxford Insights, where she worked with private, public, and third sector clients on a range of topics, including mainstreaming sustainability. She created two frameworks for monitoring and evaluating progress in gender equality and social inclusion practices and policies in procurement that several governments have used. Scarlet also represented Oxford Insights at speaking engagements, including presenting at two UNESCO conferences and participating in the UN Global Pulse initiative on big data and AI.

Scarlet holds a BA in Politics and International Relations from the University of Kent and a MA in Middle East and Islam and International Affairs from the American University of Paris.

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Renata Greenberg

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Renata leads BSR’s Nordic practice, working with a diverse range of sectors and sustainability topics.

She helps companies transition towards more ambitious goals and practices in adapting to the continuously more and more demanding regulatory landscape and stakeholder expectations to create a Just and Sustainable World.

Renata brings over 20 years of experience in innovation and sustainability in global value chains. Prior to joining BSR, Renata worked in A.P. Møller - Mærsk, Coloplast, Danske Bank, and The Conference Board, helping companies improve their sustainability practices, strategic impact, ESG reporting, and human rights policies and practices. She has served on various boards, including Maersk, IKEA Industry, Organic Basics, and the Danish Initiative for Ethical Trade. She was a long-term member of the UN Global Compact Advisory Group on Supply Chain Sustainability and participated in the shaping of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Renata is a First Mover Fellow with the Aspen Institute’s Business and Society. She holds a professional degree in global shipping and logistics; a BSc in Philosophy and Rhetoric from the University of Copenhagen; a Post Graduate Diploma in Strategic Organisational Leadership from SAID Business School, University of Oxford; and a Diploma from the Executive Board Programme from INSEAD. She speaks English, Danish, Russian, and some French.

Blog | Wednesday November 2, 2022

How Demand for Critical Minerals Could Lead to Counterintuitive Futures

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Rohitesh Dhawan, President and CEO of the International Council on Mining and Metals, shares some of the weird scenarios he envisions for the future of critical metals and minerals with Jacob Park, Director of the Sustainable Futures Lab.

Demand is intensifying for critical minerals—not least with the energy transition. What are the main forces at play?

We know that the energy transition is going to be metals and minerals-intensive, but we forget that it’s layering a new source of demand on top of existing demand. Geopolitics is critical because China controls 25 percent or more of the mining and/or processing for four of the five top minerals for the transition—when the relationship between China and the West is the tensest it has been for decades. To put it simply, the West is far more dependent on China for metals than it is on Russia for energy.

Which makes the question of responsible energy generation even more complex.

Yes. I think critical minerals can be thought of as two key questions: how much and how. We’re focusing a lot on the “how much” and not enough on how to make sure that mining is benign at least and positive at best for communities and the environment. It’s self-defeating to drive an electric car on the basis that it’s zero emissions if it generates a ton of emissions in production. Meanwhile, there is the potential for significant human rights challenges in the production of critical minerals if not done well.

How do some of the big policy changes we’ve seen in recent months—such as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the California Climate Act—change or intensify these dynamics?

They increase demand, bring demand closer to home, and drive up standards. That’s not all. A high proportion of those minerals—80 percent by 2026—needs to be extracted or processed in the US or a free-trade country. This may change the technologies that we adopt. Take nickel: the major sources of supply include Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Russia. I expect there will be a stronger case to increase the market penetration for technologies, such as lithium and phosphate batteries, that don't rely on hard(er)-to-source commodities.

What are the prospects for circularity when it comes to sourcing trickier minerals?

Circularity is not new to mining. Two-thirds of the copper produced since 1900 is still in productive use because it doesn't lose its core properties the more you recycle it. While certain metals and minerals are infinitely recyclable, they're not waste in the same way as plastic. We could even consider the mining industry a provider of renewable materials.

So the circular economy is an essential source of supply for critical minerals. That said, the amount of material available to be recycled is not growing at the same rate as demand. It's only going to be post-2030 or 2035 when we see substantial quantities come through from old car batteries—which contain about 10,000 times as much of these metals as your average phone.

How do you see this playing out over the next decade?

I think three unusual things are likely to happen. One is price spikes. The EU aims to force a certain proportion of recycled material into the supply chain, but there won't be enough of it available—so we might see recycled materials costing more than raw material, regardless of production cost.

The second could be that the governments end up offering exceptions for responsibly produced virgin raw material, given that scrap isn't available. Isn't that the antithesis of encouraging the circular economy? Well, you need to build up a stock of durable material that can then be infinitely recycled.

The third counterintuitive phenomenon is that we may end up breaking perfectly usable and useful things to get the latent metal to reuse. There's anecdotal evidence that China is demolishing perfectly good buildings to extract copper wires for manufacturing. We should think about this deeply because you may be taking the copper to reuse, but can you reuse all the concrete, cement, and wood? 

How do you see the Just Transition playing out among all this weirding?

One scenario is that the countries that push hardest for circularity are blamed for creating an unjust transition. This is odd because surely the countries that have contributed most to climate change should take the greatest action to solve it—and that means promoting circularity. But in doing so, you demand fewer metals and minerals from the emerging economies that typically produce them.

In other words, you might be accused of kicking away the development ladder. How do you balance creating development opportunities for countries that can supply raw metal and materials with a domestic imperative to promote circularity? That’s an ethical question world leaders must grapple with.

What other questions do companies need to grapple with?

The first is mining waste: managing them safely, re-mining them where possible, and technologies to reduce waste generation in the first place. On re-mining, keep in mind that copper waste dumps in the DRC contain more residue copper than virgin mines in places like Chile. Then there’s radical transparency. The industry needs to provide information on its social and economic impact in a credible way: all ICMM companies have committed that from 2024 onwards, the information they disclose on their social and economic contribution will contain the gender breakdown, the proportion of wages paid to the living wage, and the ratio of that wage to the CEO's compensation. Similarly, ICMM members have committed to making contracts entered into or amended since 1 January 2021 with governments public, and to report their tax payments on a country-by-country basis.  

Finally, the crisis of nature and biodiversity loss is becoming front and center. There's an interesting relationship between large-scale responsible industrial mining and biodiversity conservation goals. Mines tend to be large landholders and many use somewhere between 3-9 percent of the total land area available to them. So large-scale industrial responsible mining is potentially a great source of nature-positive action.

Beyond waste dumps and forests, where do you see the next frontiers for mining?

There's an unresolved debate about deep sea mining and whether it can be done responsibly. Then there’s lunar mining: recently, the Chinese discovered a transparent sort of crystal on the moon that contains many of the important elements of our future energy sources. Our search for new metals and minerals is literally taking us into the depths of beyond.

Sustainability FAQs | Tuesday November 1, 2022

Net Zero Targets

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This FAQ sets out the BSR perspective on net zero targets. We believe that setting science-based net-zero targets—and more importantly, taking ambitious action to achieve these targets—is core to the role that companies should play in helping achieve the Paris Agreement’s stretch target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Defining Net Zero

What is the definition of net zero?

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines net-zero emissions as the point when “anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere are balanced by anthropogenic removals over a specified period.” Put more simply, net zero is achieved when remaining human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are counterbalanced by removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere via carbon removal.

Why do we need company net zero targets?

The Paris Agreement established our collective vision for a net-zero economy in which we limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. However, current climate science predicts warming in the range of 2.5°C-4.0°C, bringing irreversible changes to oceans, ice sheets and global sea levels, and causing impacts such as extreme heat and weather, species loss, crop yield reductions, fishery decline, disrupted supply chains, public health crises, and displaced communities.

BSR’s vision is an inclusive net-zero economy no later than 2050, which the IPCC has concluded is needed to hold warming to 1.5°C. While some governments (such as the EU-27, China, Japan, South Korea, Canada, South Africa, the United States, and over 100 other countries) have established their own net-zero pledges, company net-zero targets are also needed to build net-zero economies.

What is the definition of a company net-zero target?

Companies need clear direction on what net-zero targets are and which actions drive real climate progress, and for this reason the launch of the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Net-Zero Standard in late 2021 marked a significant milestone.

The SBTi Net-Zero Standard is the first science-based and independently certifiable standard that assesses a company's net-zero targets and clearly grounds them into 1.5°C-aligned short-term and long-term action. The 

SBTi Net-Zero Standard gives companies confidence that their near-term and long-term targets are scientifically sound, aligned with what is needed to contribute to a habitable planet, widely understood by stakeholders.

The SBTi Net-Zero Standard defines a net-zero target as:

• Reducing scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions to zero or to a residual level that is consistent with reaching net-zero emissions at the global or sector level in eligible 1.5°C-aligned pathways.

• Neutralizing any residual emissions at the net-zero target year and any GHG emissions released into the atmosphere thereafter.

The SBTi Net-Zero Standard sets out four key elements that make up a net-zero target: (1) a near-term science- based target; (2) a long-term science-based target; (3) mitigation beyond the value chain; (4) neutralization of any residual emissions.

What are near-term science-based targets and why are they important?

Near-term science-based targets are 5-10-year greenhouse gas mitigation targets that require companies to align their Scope 1 and 2 targets with a 1.5°C pathway goal while Scope 3 ambitions should retain a threshold of well below 2°C. When companies reach their near-term target date, they must calculate new near-term science-based targets to serve as milestones on the path towards reaching their long-term science-based target.

Near-term science-based targets are needed to galvanize the immediate and ambitious action needed for significant emissions reductions to be achieved by 2030. Near-term emissions reductions are critical to not exceeding the global emissions budget, which is the maximum amount of cumulative emissions consistent with limiting warming to a 1.5°C pathway.

What are long-term science-based targets and why are they important?

Long-term science-based targets show companies how much they must reduce value chain emissions to align with reaching net-zero in line with 1.5°C pathways by 2050 or sooner (2040 for companies in the power sector).

Long-term science-based targets are needed to drive economy-wide alignment and long-term business planning to reach the level of global emissions reductions needed for climate goals to be met based on science. A company cannot claim to have reached net-zero until the long-term science-based target is achieved.

Does a company need both near-term and long-term science-based targets?

If a company sets a long-term science-based target to reach the level of decarbonization required to reach net- zero at the global or sector level in 1.5°C pathways within a 10-year timeframe, the near-term science-based target is not required.

What is “mitigation beyond the value chain” and why is it important?

The concept of “mitigation beyond the value chain” refers to mitigation action or investments outside of a company’s value chain, such as activities that avoid or reduce greenhouse gas emissions or remove and store greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Mitigation beyond the value chain involves companies playing a critical role in accelerating the transition to net- zero economies and increasing the likelihood that the global community stays within a 1.5 ̊C carbon budget.

Mitigation beyond the value chain represents ambitious action, but is not substitute for the reduction of a company’s own value chain emissions.

What is “neutralization of any residual emissions” and why is it important?

The concept of “neutralization” refers to measures that companies take to remove carbon from the atmosphere and permanently store it to counterbalance the impact of their own emissions that remain unabated.

Although the SBTi Net-Zero Standard expects companies to reduce their emissions by at least 90%, some residual emissions may remain, and these emissions must be neutralized to reach net-zero emissions.

Should science-based targets vary by industry?

Yes. The SBTi Net-Zero Standard includes both a “cross-sector pathway” and multiple “sector-specific pathways” for setting science-based targets. Companies in the power generation, forestry, land-use, and agriculture sectors are required to set targets using “sector-specific pathways”, while companies in all other industries can choose between a “cross-sector pathway” or one of several “sector-specific pathways” that either have or are in the process of being developed.

What is the scale of emissions reduction is envisioned?

Using the “cross-sector pathway” companies are expected to set “near-term science-based targets” that reduce emissions at a linear annual rate of 4.2%; however, some “sector-specific pathways: vary significantly from the cross-sector pathway in the near-term. For “long-term science-based targets” most companies are expected to reduce emissions by 90% or more from 2020 levels.

How should scope 1 and 2 emissions be addressed in net-zero targets?

Near-term science-based targets must cover at least 95% of company-wide scope 1 and 2 emissions.

How should scope 3 emissions be addressed in net-zero targets?

Companies with scope 3 emissions that are at least 40% of total emissions must (1) cover at least 67% of their scope 3 emissions in near term science-based targets and align to well-below 2°C ambition, and (2) cover all material sources of scope 3 emissions in the value chain (with a materiality threshold of 90%) in long-term science-based targets and align with 1.5°C scenarios.

Do “avoided emissions” count towards net-zero targets?

A company’s product avoids emissions if it has lower life cycle emissions relative to a different product providing an equivalent function. Companies should pursue avoided emissions as part of their climate strategy, and products with lower life cycle emissions will help other companies achieve their net-zero targets—however, avoided emissions occur outside of the product’s life cycle, do not count as a reduction of a company’s scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions, and are not relevant for a net-zero target.

Does the purchase of “carbon credits” count towards net-zero targets?

The purchase of carbon credits from outside the value chain can be complementary to achieving net-zero targets, and companies can increase their impact by reducing emissions beyond their own value chain through credits and other forms of climate investment. However, carbon credits do not count as reductions toward meeting science-based net-zero targets and companies should only account for reductions that occur within their operations and value chain. Companies should make all viable efforts to reduce emissions consistent with a 1.5°C trajectory before looking to purchase credits.

High-quality carbon credits can enhance reductions and removals in the near term, including for hard-to-abate industries, and contribute crucial funding to activities that avoid, reduce, or remove emissions. These include reduction of short-lived climate pollutants and urgent action to stop tropical deforestation. The use of credits, whether avoided emissions credits, reduced emissions credits, or removal credits, must also meet the conditions of approved third-party standards and/or governments.

Company investment in carbon credits should also deliver additional social benefits or synergize with other environmental benefits, such as progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, investment in underfunded climate solutions can bring down their price over time, target innovation in the value chain, decrease residual emissions over time.

Business Transformation

What is BSR’s ambition for companies?

BSR believes that net-zero goals are needed to incentivize decarbonization of the value chain and spur the business transformation needed to achieve the Paris Agreement’s stretch target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

For this reason, we only support long-term science-based targets that are accompanied by near-term science- based targets that commit companies to both decarbonize their own footprint and transform their value chains to be consistent with a 1.5°C pathway.

What is business transformation and why does BSR emphasize it?

BSR defines business transformation as reshaping key business functions, models, products, and services to build inclusive net-zero value chains, and we emphasize action to mitigate scope 3 emissions.

Unlike decarbonizing a company’s own GHG footprint via scope 1 and 2 reductions, which can be largely accomplished by sustainability and operations functions, building a net-zero value chain has much broader implications to a company’s growth strategy and operating model. Companies will need to undertake business transformation towards net-zero value chains, harnessing functions outside sustainability and operations, and we encourage companies to think strategically about the business transformation needed to achieve net-zero targets.

What about the impact on people?

The adverse impacts of climate change will be exacerbated for communities that already face underlying socioeconomic inequalities or injustices, and net-zero targets are intended to mitigate these impacts. However, it is essential that climate justice—which we define as the recognition that climate change disproportionately impacts some communities over others and exacerbates underlying systemic inequalities —is central to any company climate action plan.

We emphasize the following three priorities in actions to achieve net-zero targets:

• A just energy transition: It is essential that the transition to a net-zero economy doesn’t leave behind workers and communities traditionally dependent on fossil fuel industries for jobs and livelihoods, including women who are underrepresented in today’s “green jobs” economy. Planning, dialogue, and engagement with workers and stakeholders is essential for a just transition, which aims to ensure social and economic opportunities of climate action are maximized and that fundamental labor principles and rights are upheld.

• Upholding Human Rights: The development and procurement of decarbonization technology and renewable energy requires the mining of metals and minerals—however, the extraction of many of these materials are associated with armed conflict, land and water grabs, violation of the rights of Indigenous peoples, the denial of workers’ rights to decent work and a living wage, and other human rights abuses. Companies need to establish business practices based on the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to address the actual and potential adverse human rights impacts associated with this transition, implying more integrated approaches to climate change and human rights strategy.

• Ensuring Equitable Access to Clean Energy: When companies implement net-zero targets across their value chains suppliers will need access to renewables energy to meet their customers’ expectations. However, not all markets have access to clean technologies or renewables in the electrical grid, and under- resourced communities are more likely to experience energy insecurity and lack access to affordable, efficient, secure, and reliable clean energy. Identifying gaps in access to energy across the value chain is an important step to deciding what proactive actions companies can take—such as policy advocacy, financing, and coalition building—to counter inequities in access to clean energy.

How does BSR define climate leadership?

BSR believes that climate leadership means going beyond the minimum requirements of an SBTi Net-Zero Standard. We emphasize:

• Selecting a net-zero target year earlier than 2050 if a company’s footprint is largely in developed countries

• Setting and delivering an interim emission reduction target consistent with a 1.5°C trajectory

• Compensating for emissions outside the value chain enroute to your target year

• Implementing business transformation across functions

• Supporting communities which have suffered from climate injustice when implementing net-zero commitments

• Using a company’s influence to advocate for policy which advances climate justice and supports a just transition for all.

What are the main criticisms of net-zero targets, and what is BSR’s perspective on these criticisms?

Net-zero commitments are also increasingly subject to five criticisms which implementation must address to be truly credible and transformative.

Critique: Net-zero commitments divert attention from immediate abatement, effectively licensing short-term emissions.

Response: Companies with net-zero targets must also set and deliver an interim emissions reductions target following a 1.5°C trajectory, for example under the Science-Based Targets initiative, or as part of the Race to Zero campaign.

Critique: Net-zero commitments, which are typically based on a company’s fair share of global net-zero carbon dioxide by 2050, should not be inequitable between developed and developing countries.

Response: Companies whose emissions footprint sits largely in developed countries who have high historical emissions, should aim to achieve net zero ahead of 2050.

Critique: By focusing attention on removals which net out emissions in the target year, net-zero targets divert attention from immediate climate investments outside the value chain needed to keep 1.5°C within reach.

Response: Companies can dramatically increase their impact on the climate crisis by not merely abating emissions in the value chain on route to net-zero, but also compensating for emissions outside the value chain, for example by investing in climate solutions and methane reductions.

Critique: Net-zero commitments may greenwash business-as-usual action.

Response: Building a net-zero value chain requires genuine business transformation across functions, from supply chain engagement and procurement, to finance, and research and development and product design. Net-zero implementation then must demonstrate business transformation across these functions, including integration into the company’s business strategy with a clear climate action plan which has been vetted and approved by shareholders.

Critique: Net-zero commitments perpetuate climate and environmental injustice, for example in BIPOC and low wealth communities.

Response: Companies can support these communities through its net zero implementation. For example, renewable electricity can be purchased from companies with a proven track record of increasing energy access, carbon credits can be selected which benefit these communities, and low-carbon products and services can be procured in a manner which improves the equitable distribution of benefits of the net zero economy. This is where net-zero implementation strategies intersect with equity in the sustainability agenda.